The Mystique: Mystery

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July 16, 1969: 60...50..40...30...20...10...It was the countdown time for Apollo 11. For the first time in history, a mission was made to take mankind boast his ability; to reach our nearest celestial, the moon. Consequently, it stood as the greatest government controversy in the history of the humankind. Why is it so?

Let us date back to the times of cold war. There was a prodigious competition between US and USSR, in all aspects. By 1960's, Yuri Gagarin (USSR) accomplished a great feat of being the first person in space. Years later, in 1957, Soviet Union was able to launch Sputnik 1 successfully into the space and later, Laika (dog) was sent by Sputnik 2 to the moon. In this way, USSR excelled US in space technology. This was a great stain on its pride. Later in 1969 July 16, US marked a miraculous triumph by sending man to the moon. After several investigations, there are critics everywhere that it was faked. It is noteworthy that James E. Webb, the top official of NASA resigned just a week before the accomplishment. Why would anyone do that at the verge of remarkable success? Why did Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edward Aldrin resigned just after their return from moon? And also, there are rumors that the murder of 3 astronauts of NASA Grissom, White and Chaffee are somehow related to this (Critics say that they were murdered for the fear of revealing the truths behind Apollo 11).

Here are the proofs that the moon landing was faked.

1. The Wavering Flag

The image clearly shows that the flag planted by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin is rippling in breeze where it is not supposed to as moon doesn't have any atmosphere.

NASA gives explanation that the flag is waving just due to inertia of the impact of planting. And also as the astronauts unfurled the flag from a thin tube, there were ripples, they said.

2. Van Allen Radiation Belt

At a 1000 miles above the surface of the Earth and extending 25,000 miles furthermore, there exists a thick belt of radiation popularly called as Van Allen radiation belt. The same stands as the major problem for human journey to moon. Inorder to be protected from such heavy radiation, the space vehicle must be coated with tons of lead. Contrarily, Apollo 11 was coated with just an inch of Aluminium!!!

3. No Stars

One of the compelling argument for the moon hoax is that stars couldn't be seen in any of the videos or the images. Antithetically, the visibility of the stars should be better from moon as it contains no clouds.

The absence of stars can be explained if an ordinary camera is used. The surface of the moon reflects light and also Sun which makes star light uncaptured. But, with the most advanced camera in Apollo 11, this is highly questionable.

4. The Intersecting Shadows

"Usually, sunlight would never cast intersecting shadows," says Ralph Rene, author of NASA mooned America. Furthermore, it is intriguing that the astronaut shines bright in the dark shadows. Investigations reveal that it is possible just by using artificial source of light.

5. The Cross-hairs

An image should have cross-hairs placed at the very front of an image. It was not so in the moon landing images. In many of the pictures taken, they were beneath the photo. This clearly shows that the images were duplicated, edited or doctored after that.

Some claim that NASA printed the photograph on the cross-hairs. If it was so, why would someone leave cross-hairs behind?

6. No Human Landings After 1972

No other country except US have sent a human to moon until 50 years after 1972. US sent a group of astronomers to moon in the period of 1969-72, but stopped later. Why? It is because they realized that its nigh impossible to send a man with that technology. What they did was to just improving their film-making skills.

7. The C-Stone

One of the most controversial thing in images of moon landing gag was a rock with C-mark on it. The mark is so perfect and symmetrical that it is unlikely a natural doing. It is highly rational to think that it was marked by the film crew. However, it is a nonplus that the mark disappeared in the later images revealed by NASA.

8. The Controversial Walk

The video footage of moon landing shows Neil Armstrong walking slowly on the surface of the moon. Recent investigations proved that if the speed of the original footage is doubled, it is as same as walking on the Earth. That means, it can be done by any commoner.

9. Lack of Lunar Crater

This stands as one of the most important evidence in proving this hoax. Whenever a space shuttle lands on the moon, it should create a huge impact crater as lunar dust is just similar to that of volcanic ash. Also, the space vehicles which were launched after that, had left their lunar signatures. It is great to know if Apollo were any exception.

From the above, the points are crystal clear that the moon landing was manipulated. Perhaps, this might be the reason that Neil Armstrong never gave a camera interview later. It is obvious that the moon landing was faked just for political reasons and not for anything more.

To a real member of this global elite, it is a cognizant fact that the world rests in the hands of a few; powerful & secretive. These societies conduct their activities in covert backrooms, but leave a mysterious impact in shaping the world. No matter of their cause, these societies give us a baleful impact for their profound love for mystery and secrecy.

It is an evident fact that organizations like Illuminati and Freemasons control the entire world, from the very roots. It is rumored that they neutralize those who oppose them and John.F. Kennedy is one of them.

Here is the list of top 9 mysterious societies in the world.

9. The Order of Golden Dawn:

Also known as the Hermetic order of the golden dawn, this society had a strong influence in the late 19th and 20th centuries. It was founded by 3 Freemasons William Robert Woodman, William Wyn Westcott ans Samuel Liddell M'cGregor Mathews.

The principles of this society are adopted from Freemasonry, ancient religion of Egypt, Hermeticism, Alchemy and Theosophy. Cipher documents (the base documents of the Order), which contained the secrets of magic rituals were translated into English by Johannes Trithemius. However, the origin of these dossiers have attracted critics. It is believed that it controls all the present-day occult groups.

8. Hashshashin:

Also called as Nizari (In Egyptian Arabic, Hashshashin means "trouble-makers"), this was a 11th-century mysterious band of Shia Muslims who were said to have separated from a Ismaili sect to establish their utopian state Shi'ite. The founder of this band was Hasan-i-Sabbah, who ousted their local king of Daylam in 1090 A.D.

Surprise was their primary tactic. Most of the anti-Nizaris have fallen prey for it. A Nizari would act as a servant to their opponent, even for some years and catching the opportunity, would kill the person. It is said that the word "Assassin" has originated from the same.

7. Thule society:

Many of the secret organizations were suspected of the malevolent motives, and hence was proved in case of this. Found for the betterment of Germany, later, this society dragged itself to the peaks of racist approach towards Jews. It was founded by Rudolf von Sebettendorf in 1918. It has a notorious reputation for being extremists of Aryan race claiming their origins from Thule (According to Greeks, the ancient land of Thule existed somewhere near Greenland and Iceland). Also, it is a hearsay that Adolf Hitler was a member of this.

6. The Black Hand:

It is one of the most influential societies of the 20th century which was indirectly responsible for WW1, WW2 and later cold war. Founded by Narona Adbrona, this secret group fought primarily for the liberation of slaves all over the Europe. To liberate them while the nations engage in the war was their plan. But, it didn't yield much success. The wars fought later left everyone battered and it is said that this society lost it grip afterwards. Without their unlikely involvement in engineering of king Ferninand's death, this society would have long lost in history.

5. The Knight's Templar:

They were also known as "The Poor Fellow soldiers of Christ." The full name of this organization is The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St. John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta). However, this society has a very little thing to do with present-day Freemasonry. Started with 9 knights who vowed to the safety of pilgrims passing through the holy land, this group expanded later to a large extent. Eventually, these knights were captured, tortured and killed, assassins unknown.

4.Bilderberg Group:

Bilderberg group is a highly confidential group, containing all the big names is said to ability to steer the public privacy policy, media, finance. This group doesn't have an official membership and thus members are just invites. It was started in 1954 in Netherlands by nobles of Europe primarily to solve the anti-American sentiments in Europe. Even now, this society is a huge magnet for critics as the members are highly powerful yet reveal nothing about their society.

3. Skull and Bones:

The Members of Skull and Bones at George Bush's
College days

It is also known as the "Brotherhood of Death". Rumored as the foundation for CIA, this secret organisation comprises many dominant hands in the world. This was founded at Yale university in 1832 by William H. Russell. Even today, it follows many masonic rituals in a place commonly known as "Tomb" on every Thursdays and Sundays. Until 1970's, the names of the members were known public, but were hidden as a secret later.

2. Freemasons:

Famous by Dan Brown's "The Lost Symbol", infact, this society had its origins in the early 18th century itself. Of all the secret societies, this is a well-known one. But, the activities conducted by it are highly secretive. Though it is said officially that they have 3 degrees- the Basic Apprentice, the Fellow Craft and the master Mason, it contains 33 degrees. They gained some ill-fame by their rituals like drinking red-wine in human skulls, secretive meetings. However, there are some people who say that they are one of the highly misunderstood bunch. It is a fact that most of the modern secret societies take their cue from Freemasons by secret codes and some complex lines of command.

1.The Illuminati:

The Illuminati, though the name suggest enlightenment, there is much to be enlightened about it. Many conspiracies like "Pyramid on the American-dollar bill", logos of many top-most companies begs serious doubts on the true power of it. It is highly surmised that Illuminati controls the entire world, from base. The main principle of Illuminati is to enlighten the world and it doesn't believe the supreme. This made it highly popular among Atheists. It was formed in 1776 by Jesuit Adam Weishaupt and later was expanded.

Dream, perhaps is one of the most captivating and intriguing things we experience day-to-day. Every single person on this planet dreams for at least 100 minutes a day. We do experience most our dreams in our deep sleep between 2-5 A.M. A study says that 90% of the people forget their dream when they wake up, while only 5% of the people try to interpret them. Do dreams really have meanings? If so, how to interpret them?

To start with, what is a dream? Dreams are like letters from sub-conscious mind to the conscious. More than that, it represents the state of your mind at that time. "A dream is the communication between our conscious mind and our unconscious mind, helping people create wholeness", says Sumber, who studied global dream mythology at Harvard University.

Some people believe that a dream is just a "non-sense" of brain's memories. Recent research and investigations makes us believe that they do have a meaning, either simple or complex. Some dreams are hard to interpret while some drives the point straight home. Also, only the person who experiences it can interpret it better than any other. The more the person remembers the dream, the easier it will be to interpret.

It is indeed fascinating to know that people of different cultures and regions share some common dreams. Let us look at some of them.

Being chased

This is one of the common and sometimes frightening of all dreams. Being chased represents anxiety, fear or avoidance. Most of the times, they mean that you are running away from your problems. Knowing your pursuer is really important here. If the pursuer is a monster or a beast, it means that you are trying to avoid some issues. Also, the distance between you and your pursuer really matters as that denote the closeness or gaining of problem over you.

Flying

This is also a common and ever engrossing dream which falls under lucid dreams. In this type of dreams, we can partially control the flight when we realize that we are dreaming. Everything depends on how you fly; primarily representing the control of your emotions. If you are flying by gaining altitude, it may represent a boom on your confidence levels while instability in flying represents a fluctuation in your confidence or emotions. They can also represent power and freedom.

Falling

Sometimes, you may climb a cliff, building or any other elevation and suddenly fall from there. This represents your lack of control over situations or high insecurity. If you fall from a height without climbing, that denotes that you experience a failure after reaching a fair amount of success. To interpret this, explore the thing which is causing you insecurity.

Nude or Naked dreams

It is one of the most common symbols which represent your true self to others. Often times, your nudity is not at all at concern for others. This stresses up strongly that your concerns are your projections and doesn't bother anyone. Being nude at public denotes that you are hiding something and you fear it of being exposed. It is interesting that sometimes they mean insecurity, sometimes freedom. Only, a dreamer can know it’s true meaning.

Death

Literally, they don't mean death (Some people believe that it is a pre-cognition of their death in near future, but is absolutely false) but can be scary. A dream of death of thyself or any other person represents a change, to make room for new things. If you dream of your death, it symbolizes your inner transformation or development. Losing a loved one denotes that you miss that person badly. However, death of a person can also represent that he/she doesn't have place in your life anymore. So, if you dream the death of your ex, it says you have moved on.

Snakes

It is hard to interpret this kind of dream as it has both positive and negative meanings; it all depends upon the state of mind at that time. The dream of snake biting you can denote your fear of something. A snake hiding can symbolize your fear of hidden threat and you need to be cautious about that. Sometimes, it can depict your sexual urges and temptations. However, this dream can also have other meanings like transformation or your creativity.

Running but unmoving from place

Sometimes, you dream of running but you go nowhere as if you are standing on a treadmill. This shows that you are trying to catch up something which you could not. Interpreting it may reveal that you are taking over burden on you and that won't lead you anywhere.

Falling teeth

This is the most common type of dream. Teeth denote power, growing older, the ability to communicate or your perception of your attractiveness. Losing your teeth one by one depicts your concern about your appearance. Many a times, it symbolizes powerlessness or your difficulty in expressing yourself.

Dreams of being tested

A test represents a self-evaluation or you are scrutinized by others in your life. It can also denote that you are being unprepared for something. This type of dreams are common during a real-life exam or when your confidence levels are too low however leaving the true meaning to the dreamer.

Why do dreams recur sometimes?

Sometimes, you experience a dream repeatedly. This denotes that you have not changed over something which you wanted to or it can also denote the traumatic experience of your childhood.

Conclusion:

Dreams can be the lessons taught by the sub-conscious mind to your conscious mind in your real life. Understanding and interpreting your dreams is really important as it enables you to explore things and persons which you may not be aware of. So, never neglect your dreams.

AIDS kills. It does so in a nasty way. It damages the entire immune system giving a debilitating and painful death. Every year, 1.5 million people fall reach the death angel in the form of AIDS; Africa alone count 1.2 million (And, there are around 30 million patients all over the world). It is a conventional thought that it has originated in the natural evolutionary process but recent research finds it contradictory. It says that HIV virus was created and was experimented on innocent African people. What is the true story about its origin? Who is the culprit behind this barbaric act?

The True Origin of AIDS

Said to be started in the 1970's, it later burst out globally bringing misery in its wake. There are many theories behind the origin of AIDS, most of them trying to cover the savage deed and are not scientifically credible. The most renowned of them is 'cut hunter theory' which says that HIV was transmitted when a Chimp bit a native African hunter and was later transmitted to all other. However, this theory has a paramount loop hole which completely rules out this theory. If the theory was correct, HIV should have originated long before as hunting Chimpanzees is a common practice in Africa since hundreds of years. Then, why didn't it happen?

Before getting into details, we need to know some virology. Many parasites which affect animals do not affect human beings and vice-versa. For example, Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is lethal to cows but doesn't affect humans. At the same time, HIV affects human beings but it is non-reactive in other animals. However, there are some diseases like Yellow fever and small pox which affects both.

SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus), the parent of HIV virus is naturally present in 37 non-primate species. Except in a few, this virus doesn't have any fatalities despite at higher concentrations. SIV is a retrovirus, a virus which replicates in the host cell by an enzyme called 'reverse transcriptase'. Hence, immune system cannot locate the ward exactly and thus cannot generate antibodies. Also, the size of the virus varies accordingly depending upon the species. For example, in Chimpanzee it is SIVcpz and in a sooty manabay's, it is SIVsmm. So, how did SIV become HIV and transmit to human beings?

The True Story

Some of the theories say that this epidemic was created by CIA, some say it was done to eliminate homosexuals and black people but they could not answer historical and scientific aspects of that time. Of all, OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) theory is the most viable. It proposes that an experimental OPV was made in an unique manner and was given to 1 million Africans in the late 1950's, spreading the epidemic to nearly 500 people of Belgian Congo and Ruanda regions(They were infected with pandemic strain of HIV-1).

At those times, OPV’s were made from the kidneys of Green monkeys. Usage of Chimpanzees in the preparation was not allowed. During 1956-59, the OPV campaign in the Belgian Congo was led by most renowned virologist and immunologist Dr. Hilary Kaprowski . There were around 500 Chimps placed at Lindi camp, each cage occupied by 2 chimps. And there was a play cage made for chimps in which 10 chimps were placed. So, this might b the chance for the transmission of SIV from one to other by licking each other’s wounds, scratching and by Caprophagy (eating of faeces). The fact that OPV was made from chimpanzees was maintained a top secret as preparation of vaccine from man’s closest relatives is highly controversial and also killing chimpanzees in a region where Belgian royal family ordered for the protection of wild animals.

The preparation of OPV involved both medical and commercial risks. If the vaccine is used, there is a potential risk of transmission of SIV which will mutate in human cells and also if they were successful, the medicine companies acquire huge sums of profit. When Dr. Hilary Kaprowski made his first sample, Dr. Albert B. Sabin, another renowned virologist of that time found that the sample is highly unstable and there were traces of chimpanzee cells in it. He found a virus in it and named it “Virus X”. As a result, there is high danger of transmission if OPV (this was named as CHAT vaccine) is given at mass. He wrote a letter to Kaprowski regarding this wherein he got a reply whose essence is

Dear Albert, I have carefully considered your extraordinary letter with extraordinary evidences. For a moment, I can’t imagine I would dismiss ten years of my work for an investigator’s work. Bye, my friend and colleague.

Albert later tried to publicize this but his effort went in vain as OPV brought a revolution replacing ordinary syringes and medicine companies were reluctant to drop down in the middle as they had invested millions of dollars on OPV.

The primary victims of HIV were from Leopoldville (in 1959 and 1960), where exactly the Polio vaccination took place. In addition to this, all the first patients of HIV were found in the regions around Belgian Congo and Rwanda. This clearly shows that the transmission started from Polio vaccination campaigns. Intriguingly, when the primary samples of polio vaccine were tested, it is found that there is no trace of HIV virus in it. But, this is highly suspicious as the test results were done only in a US lab and was not allowed for testing independently by any other lab.

Conclusion:

The above facts clearly show that HIV was created due to mere negligence. The reason for the ongoing secrecy today is that if these facts are established, it would surely shake the public confidence on the medical ways at the same time costing the prevention of usage of experimental vaccines in developing and under-developed countries. But, fact is a fact. It can’t be changed.

We are far more superior to those bunches of idiots from ancient ages. Probably, they never know what a Macbook is! We excel them in every way, save for beard-growing abilities. Is it true? Recent investigations and research reveal that they exceed our present-day technology in many aspects. Let us look at the pillars supporting this idea.

The Seven Proofs

Contrary to the common idea, ancestral technology excelled us in many ways. Starting from the ancient battery technology to the aeroplanes, we are little too late in finding things or for that matter, we re-discovered many.

7. Ancient telescope:

This origin of this lens(popularly called as Nimrud lens) dates back to 1000 B.C. The Nimrud lens was found in 1850 by Sir John Layard in Assyrian palace of Nimrud (Iraq). It is made by a natural rock crystal and has the ability to magnify 3 times!! Moreover, this crystal has 12 cavities that are opened during grinding so that it can be filled with Naphtha (Naphtha is used to filter the crystal). Isn't it amazing that Assyrians could make a telescope 2,600 years just before than our modern telescope which was made by Hans Lippershey in 1608 A.D.?

6. Roman Concrete:

Recent research about the 2,000 year old concrete found in the submerged waves of Mediterranean Sea reveal that it is much superior to the present-day one. Possibly originated from the Roman times, this concrete is a blend of lime and volcanic rock. Samples of Tobermorite are found which turned it into an extremely durable and stable one. Scientists are still bemused how this thing could have survived the harsh waves for 2,000 years whereas extant concrete could last 50 years!

5. Ancient Nanotechnology:

Oh! Come on, what might be so technological about a goblet? Indeed, it depicts the ancient Roman knowledge of nanotechnology. When this chalice is lit from the front, it scatters jade-green color while lighting it from behind emerges blood-red light. Thousands of gold and silver flecks were inserted into the cup which brightens it in accordance to the position of the observer. This clearly depicts that it was no accident but indeed made with extreme precision.

4. Earthquake detector:

We still could not predict an Earthquake accurately, even though we could measure and record it where ancient Chinese could accurately predict an earthquake. Excavations revealed a 2,000 year-old Seismoscope which is said to be invented by Chinese genius Zhang Heng. 8 dragons snaked down the bronze vessel whose mouths are filled with a bronze ball each. 8 toads were placed at its base as if they were ready to collect the balls. Whenever an earthquake occurs, the ball falls on the toad alerting the people and also giving a rough direction of it. In 2005, scientists tested this Seismoscope in villages of China and Vietnam and succeeded in predicting the havoc.

3. Antikythera Mechanism:

Often called as the world's first analog computer, this mechanism is most fabulous mechanical device of the ancient world. It was found first in 1900 in a Greek island Antikythera and is 3,500 years old. It consists of extraordinary precise gears, dials and cogs which made it sophisticated. Probably, this mechanism was used primarily as the astronomical observer. We could not achieve this technology until 18th century where Greeks could do this somewhere 3,500 years before!

2. The Baghdad Battery:

Discovered in 1936, this ancient battery surely surprised the modern world. Encapsulated by a clay pot, the internal structure of this battery consisted of a copper cylinder in which an iron rod is placed without touching it. Both of them are held in position by an Asphalt plug. Each of the battery could produce 1-2 volts and also lasts long. It was found that it was built in 300 B.C. and if it so, for what purpose did they use it for? Did they had any electronic knowledge too? It still remains as a question.

1. The Vimanas:

An Airplane Model from the 'Vimana Sastra'

Now, it's the time to know about some cool ancient airplane technology. Dossiers and sacred texts of ancient India reveal the presence of airplane and missile technology. In the Vedas(dates back to 2000 B.C.) many airplane models were described which were said to fly into the air by fire and water (Two famous models are 'the Pushpaka Vimana' and 'the Suvarna pushpa'). In Mahabharata (sacred text of Hindus) too, missile technology was mentioned. And more importantly, this aeronautical technology is not confined to India. Egypt's 'Saqqira bird', Columbia's 'golden airplane', 'Nazca lines' clearly indicate the aeronautical knowledge of our ancestors.

Saqqira Bird

There are many more examples to prove. Some of you may wonder that they don't have electronic gadgets, giant multi-storey buildings, sophisticated genetic technology, etc.... but aren't they great for what they achieved hundreds of years before what we could achieve now, at least some basic technology? It is not until 18th century, we had invented some of these. In this way, they are far advanced than us. Hats off, ancestors!

For 3 horrific years (1347-1350), the black death has taken man to the brink of an apocalypse. It was a world without hope seemingly abandoned by God. It was believed that it was the punishment given by the almighty to wipe off his creation and people started to believe that the day of last judgement has come. In a world seemingly abandoned by God, cities were filled with this black death and graveyards were choked with corpses. Peasants, doctors, priests- none was exception to this worst catastrophe. The world had seen the deaths of 25 million people during that time. Nearly, half of the population of Europe was wiped off.

The Black Death

The Map showing the spread of Plague

In the mid 14th century, Europe was not a dark continent so often lampooned by the history. It was the center for most sophisticated and attractive cultures and development. Italy was like a paradise for the merchants.Many cities like Florence and Venice were filled with the traders, merchants, doctors, with the rich and poor alike. With the astounding population of 100,000, Florence acted as a magnet attracting people from all corners of Europe but none expected that it would attract a disease that would fill cries in their lives.

In the midst of 1347 Autumn, the black death was welcomed to city by the sailor men who had trade with the eastern Asia. They transported the pestilence to different parts of Italy. At first, the citizens had no idea about the scale of horror this would produce but later, it shattered the European community- society, religion, family and Feudalism. Italy was the front-line for the bewildering epidemic. What were the reasons for this black death?

The reasons for the origination of this horrific epidemic is unknown but the disease spread to Europe from the Mongols. They used the affected corpses as weapons resulting in spread of disease to their opponents. Thus, the floating corpses might have caught the glimpse of the European sailors and thus transported death. For example, if a person caught the disease, it would spread to all other family members, friends, acquaintances resulting in irrevocable damage.

People became sick with flu added fever and began vomiting. In their necks, armpits and groin, pus filled swellings started to develop and on the skin, purple and black blotches were developed due to internal hemorrhaging. Within a week or two, death followed them with pneumonia like flooding.

In 2-3 months, 20% of the population turned to be corpses.With all their knowledge applied, the doctors failed to save the lives of people. People then hoped that only the efforts of Church and Clergymen could save them. It was of no use. Religion was no shield to the epidemic.The Clergymen who dared to administer the last rites of the person often fell prey for the same. none could escape from this rule call of death.

Entire society was crashed. Brother abandoned brother, sister their siblings, and mostly wife their husband. What more worse was that the parents refused to see intend to their sick children as if they hadn't been theirs.Bewildered and terrified, people started to shun everyone they knew. Morals vanished and people behaved as if it would be best to behave as they like. As the bones of the society fractured, the rhythms of the medieval began to unravel. Harvest stopped, bread was not baked, corpses were no removed and indeed life halted for months. Venice witnessed 90,000 deaths and Florence half of its population. In Sienna, near the old Gothic Cathedral, victims were thrown into the huge trenches which were the foundations of old city wall. Remarkably, they are still today.

The disease followed the roots of the trade and thus had devastated millions of lives of Europeans. In 1348, the disease reached France. It triggered ethnic hatred on a horrifying scale. It started to empty cities. In Avenue, Pope preached that praying God is the only way to save thyself. But the death toll was so high that people started to disbelieve church. Out of nothing, extremists started to appear. They were known as the flatulence and they directly challenged the authority of the Church.They marched themselves into different places whipping themselves with brutal attitudes. They made to people think that suffering is the only way to escape the disease and they were successful in drawing people. Ironically, this flatulence was successful in exporting the pestilence to other parts. In a few months, the city turned to be a ghost town. Consequently, the blame of spreading this plague was put on Jews in an attempt to destroy Christianity and then many Jew families were burnt alive.

In 1348, it entered England through the ports of Southampton and Bristol. The low class was first to be affected by this. In a due course, it had changed their lives. In 1349, as the availability of labor became hard due to the black death, laborers could get the wages as they wished. King Edward Commissions were laid to impose fines on those who demand high wages, but the laws of supply and demand proved to be too strong. The black death was forcing economic and social change in an unwilling ruling class uplifting low class at the same time destabilizing the entire political system. By the end of 1350, this black death ended.

This black death was expressed in painting and poetry. People encouraged themselves to be engaged in the horrors of death and decay. Skeletons became the most common part of the medieval art.

The Medieval art characterized by Skeletons
showing that death was inevitable

After the end, there was a huge outpouring creativity in the fields of art, architecture, science that celebrated the spirit of the man. It was the worst century to be lived as a part of the world. Medieval Europeans didn't lose nerve though they suffered 25 outbreaks after the black death in the next 300 years. Slowly, a new inspiring story of human survival was emerging from the brink of apocalypse to the hope for humanity have been germinated from despair.

The Indian campaign of Alexander-the Great in 326 B.C. has a lot of historical importance. This battle (Battle of Hydaspes) fills itself with great importance. According to the Greek records, In his conquest of occupying Asia, Alexander reached Hindukush mountains (in the present-day Pakistan) and made an alliance with Ambhi, king of Taxila and their combined force defeated the Purushottama (Porus) in the battle. Though he won the battle, impressed by the king, Alexander returned the kingdom. However, these dossiers beg serious doubts against the Alexander's campaign to India.

Warnings about Indian strength

With the desire to occupy India, Alexander started to march towards the same after the Persian war. He was warned by Persians that many great rulers got mixed in the mud reaching the gates of India. They told him about Cyrus, one of the greatest Persian kings ever died in the hands of Indians far before the time of Alexander. Assyrian queen Semiramis was a bit lucky and just made home with 20 soldiers while she went with 400,000 highly trained warriors. However, this didn't fear Alexander. He just liked to break the record by crushing India.

Later, when Alexander tried to invade India, he found the real strength in the words of the Persians. Later, he wrote to his mother that

I am involved in the land of a ‘Leonine’ (lion-like) and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a wall of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one Alexander into the world, but every mother in this land has brought an Alexander in the world.”

Here are some proofs that Alexander could not invade India

Why should Alexander reward Porus?

According to the records of Greek history, Alexander returned Porus his kingdom though he had won the war. A simple logic here. Alexander spent 1000 talents (25,000 kilograms of gold) to Ambhi for defeating Porus. If he had spent such a large amount, why would he offer back the kingdom he won to the defeated knowing that on doing so, they would not have enough gold to return to their home? Moreover, Porus was mentioned as a very noble king. And so, why would any noble king accept that offer?

There was a mention about Porus that

"Wounded in his shoulder, standing over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, but still on his feet, he was asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated. "Treat me, Alexander, the way a King treats another King" Porus said."

The above lines show that he was indeed noble and heroic.

The deadly battle

Of all the wars fought by Alexander, the war with India is considered as the best. The fact that the Greek army didn't celebrate after their win over the battle of Persia but had a huge commemoration after the battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) reveals the fact that the army just survived the battle. There was no doubt that the Macedonians were frightened by the sight of Indian war elephants.

Diodorus wrote that

"Upon this the elephants, applying to good use their prodigious size and strength, killed some of the enemy by trampling under their feet, and crushing their armour and their bones, while upon other they inflicted a terrible death, for they first lifted them aloft with their trunks, which they and twisted round their bodies and then dashed them down with great violence to the ground. Many others they deprived in a moment of life by goring then through and through with their tusks"

Bucefalus

Alexander's beloved horse Buccafalus was killed in the battle by one of the sons of Porus while crossing the banks of Jhelum. History says that Alexander is too fond of his horse. If so, why would he spare the kingdom which was responsible for the death of his own horse?

Illogical excuse

It is said that Alexander returned to his home because his soldiers requested him to do so as they were tired of being waging themselves in constant wars. However, this seems to be highly falsified version. Macedonians had a system of rotation. Old soldiers were sent back with gold and slaves replaced constantly by the new ones. So, this excuse seems highly pointless.

Conclusion:

Alexander did not invade India because he feared of mighty empires such as Ganderites and Praesii ready with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.

As the records were written by Alexander's men, they wrote in favor of him. Many facts were manipulated by them leaving a lot of loopholes. It is absolutely true that one or the other day, truth

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